STATUS: GO FOR LAUNCH

MAKING HUMANS
MULTIPLANETARY

The definitive guide to the colonization of Mars. Technology, biology, and the greatest engineering challenge in history.

ASTROGRAPHY

// SYSTEM CONTEXT
EARTH [T-0]
ARRIVAL [T+7MO]
MARS [T-0]
HOHMANN TRANSFER
TRAJECTORY TYPE
MINIMUM ENERGY
LAUNCH WINDOW
EVERY 26 MONTHS
TRANSIT TIME
~259 DAYS
VELOCITY CHANGE (Δv)
5.7 KM/S TOTAL
DISTANCE TRAVELED
480 MILLION KM
PHASE ANGLE
44.3 DEGREES
// PLANETARY VITALS
GRAVITY (G-FORCE)
9.8 m/s² [100%]
VS
3.7 m/s² [38%]
DAY DURATION (SOL)
24h 00m [EARTH]
VS
24h 37m [MARS]
ORBITAL PERIOD (YEAR)
365 DAYS [1.0 YR]
VS
687 DAYS [1.9 YRS]
// CONCLUSION: MARS HAS 38% GRAVITY BUT A NEAR-IDENTICAL DAY.
// ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION (SPECTROMETER)
EARTH [1 ATM] BREATHABLE
NITROGEN (78%)
OXYGEN (21%)
MARS [0.01 ATM] TOXIC / ASPHYXIANT
CARBON DIOXIDE (95%)
NITROGEN (3%)
ARGON (2%)
// SURFACE TEMPERATURE (DAILY CYCLE)
-150°C
-100°C
-50°C
0°C
+50°C
EARTH
MIN: 10°C / MAX: 30°C
MARS
MIN: -125°C / MAX: 20°C
// ALERT: NO ATMOSPHERE TO RETAIN HEAT. NIGHTS ARE LETHAL.
// RADIATION ENVIRONMENT (ANNUAL DOSE)
EARTH SURFACE 0.003 Sv / YEAR
INTL. SPACE STATION 0.150 Sv / YEAR
MARS SURFACE (UNSHIELDED) 0.250 Sv / YEAR
DEEP SPACE TRANSIT 0.700 Sv / YEAR
// WARNING: LACK OF MAGNETOSPHERE EXPOSES SURFACE TO COSMIC RAYS.
// GEOLOGICAL EXTREMES (ALTITUDE)
MT. EVEREST 8.8 KM
OLYMPUS MONS 21.9 KM
// NOTE: OLYMPUS MONS IS NEARLY 3X THE HEIGHT OF EVEREST.
// NATURAL SATELLITES (TARGET LOCK)

Phobos

MEAN RADIUS 11.2 KM
ORBIT PERIOD 7h 39m
ORBIT STATUS DECAYING
// ALERT: IMPACT WITH MARS PREDICTED IN 50M YEARS.

Deimos

MEAN RADIUS 6.2 KM
ORBIT PERIOD 30h 18m
ORBIT STATUS ESCAPING
// NOTE: DRIFTING INTO DEEP SPACE.
// SEASONAL MECHANICS (AXIAL TILT)
23.5° EARTH
VS
25.2° MARS
// CONCLUSION: MARS HAS SEASONS ALMOST IDENTICAL TO EARTH.
// HABITABLE SURFACE AREA (DRY LAND)
148 M KM² EARTH (LAND ONLY)
144 M KM² MARS (TOTAL SURFACE)
// CONCLUSION: DESPITE BEING HALF THE SIZE, MARS OFFERS
THE SAME AMOUNT OF EXPLORABLE LAND AS EARTH.
// GRAVITATIONAL LOCK (ESCAPE VELOCITY)
EARTH 11.186 KM/S
MACH 33
MARS 5.027 KM/S
MACH 15
// TACTICAL ADVANTAGE: LOW GRAVITY ALLOWS SINGLE-STAGE-TO-ORBIT (SSTO).
// TARGET LOCK: SOL-4 [MARS] // UPLINK ESTABLISHED